The process by which a bacterial cell takes up exogenous DNA from its surroundings and incorporates it into its genome.

Describes a cell or organism that has undergone transformation and incorporated foreign DNA into its genome.

A genetically modified organism that contains a foreign gene, typically introduced by recombinant DNA technology.

A process in genetics where a purine is substituted for another purine, or a pyrimidine is substituted for another pyrimidine…

The synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates in the ribosome, where the sequence of nucleotides is translated into an amino…

In genetics, a chromosomal abnormality where a portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome.

A technique that uses electron beams to scan thin samples and produce high-resolution images of internal structures of cells and…

Inheritance of traits or conditions that are passed on through the maternal cytoplasm, such as mitochondrial diseases, which are passed…

A form of inheritance where certain traits, like the effects of maternal behaviors or environmental factors, are passed from the…

The conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another, typically involving nuclear reactions.