A theory that explains how water is drawn up from the roots of plants to the leaves through capillary action, driven by the cohesion of water molecules and the loss of water vapor from the leaves.

A protein that assists in the movement of ions, small molecules, or larger macromolecules across cellular membranes.

A protein that facilitates the movement of substances across biological membranes, often referred to as a carrier protein.

A DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome, potentially causing mutations and altering the cell’s genetic identity.

An enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a transposable element within the genome by cutting and rejoining DNA sequences.

The most common form of fat storage in organisms, consisting of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acid chains.

The first period of the Mesozoic Era, lasting from about 252 to 201 million years ago, following the Permian and preceding the Jurassic.

A large muscle located at the back of the upper arm, responsible for extending the elbow joint.

A parasitic disease caused by consuming undercooked meat infected with *Trichinella* larvae, leading to symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, and gastrointestinal discomfort.

A strong organic acid used in chemical synthesis, skin treatments, and as a reagent in laboratory settings.