A non-coding region of RNA that is transcribed but not translated, often found between regions encoding rRNA or tRNA.

The RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence, synthesized during transcription as the first step in protein production.

The process of converting a segment of DNA into RNA, leading to the formation of mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA.

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate the transcription of genes, influencing gene expression.

The change in cell fate or differentiation during development, typically resulting from environmental signals or mutations.

The process of transferring genetic material from one bacterium to another via a virus (bacteriophage).

A straight line or path used in ecological studies to observe and sample organisms or environmental conditions along its length.

A slow-moving terrestrial reptile with a hard shell, known for its long lifespan and living primarily on land.

The branch of science that studies the harmful effects of substances on living organisms and the environment.

A harmful biological substance produced by organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or plants, that causes damage to tissues or organs.