A genetic trait controlled by genes located in the cytoplasm, typically influencing characteristics such as mitochondrial function.

A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA that pairs with guanine, one of the four bases that make up the genetic code.

A network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm that gives the cell its shape, allows for movement, and aids in cell division.

The liquid portion of the cytoplasm in which organelles are suspended, involved in metabolic processes and cellular signaling.

The presence of cells in the urine, which can be a sign of infection, disease, or other medical conditions.

A method of plant propagation where a piece of a plant is cut and grown into a new plant, often used with stems or leaves.

The amount of DNA in a haploid set of chromosomes, often used to describe genome size.

A group of photosynthetic bacteria often called blue-green algae, important in nitrogen fixation and as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

A polymer made by cyanobacteria, used to store nitrogen in cells under nitrogen-limited conditions.

A bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygenation of the blood.