A nucleoside consisting of the base cytosine attached to a ribose sugar, important in the synthesis of RNA.

A nucleotide used in RNA synthesis, containing the nucleoside cytidine attached to three phosphate groups.

The study of the chemical composition and properties of cells, including the use of various staining techniques to observe cellular structures.

A protein containing a heme group, involved in electron transport and redox reactions within cells, particularly in mitochondria.

A group of cytochrome proteins that are part of the electron transport chain, essential for cellular respiration in mitochondria.

A scientist who studies the effects of low temperatures on living organisms, cells, and tissues.

The branch of biology that studies the effects of freezing and low temperatures on biological systems.

A scientist who studies organisms that can survive extreme conditions, such as desiccation or freezing, by entering a dormant state.

The study of life forms that can survive in extreme conditions, often entering a state of cryptobiosis to withstand environmental stress.

A condition in which one or both of a male’s testes fail to descend into the scrotum, requiring medical intervention.