A secondary messenger in cells that transmits signals from hormones or other molecules to initiate cellular responses.

A process in photosynthesis where electrons are cycled through the electron transport chain to produce ATP, without the production of NADPH.

Inflammation of the ciliary body of the eye, which can lead to pain and vision problems.

A type of hydrocarbon in which carbon atoms are arranged in a ring structure, such as cyclohexane.

The movement of cytoplasm within plant cells, allowing for the transport of materials and aiding in cellular functions.

A group of jawless fish, including lampreys and hagfish, characterized by a circular mouth and a lack of true jaws.

A shorthand notation for cysteine, an amino acid containing a sulfur atom that plays a key role in protein structure.

A closed sac-like structure that may contain fluid, gas, or semi-solid material, often found in tissues or organs.

An amino acid that contains sulfur and is important in protein structure, particularly in the formation of disulfide bonds.

Inflammation of the bladder, commonly caused by bacterial infection and characterized by pain and frequent urination.