A system of the body responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body, including the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

A late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term liver damage, often due to chronic alcohol use or viral hepatitis.

A type of cloud consisting of thin, wispy strands, or a type of appendage found in certain animals like worms or mollusks, used for locomotion or sensing.

A prefix in chemistry used to describe a configuration of molecules where functional groups are on the same side of a double bond or ring structure.

A molecular arrangement where two similar atoms or groups are positioned on the same side of a double bond or ring.

A genetic situation where the dominant allele is inherited on the same chromosome as the recessive allele in a heterozygous organism.

A test used to determine the relationship between alleles and their expression by comparing a cis configuration (same side) versus a trans configuration (opposite sides).

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional RNA molecule, the functional unit of a gene.

A compound formed in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), important in cellular respiration as an energy carrier.

A series of chemical reactions in aerobic respiration that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2.