The chemical symbol for chlorine, a halogen element commonly found in compounds such as sodium chloride (salt).

A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, representing a branch on the tree of life.

Relating to the classification of organisms based on shared characteristics derived from a common ancestor, as in cladistics.

A method of classifying organisms by examining their shared characteristics derived from common ancestry, often represented in cladograms.

The formation of a new group or lineage through the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more distinct species.

A mutation that involves the alteration of the structure of chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations.

A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins, which carries genetic information in the form of genes.

A technique used to stain chromosomes to identify structural features and abnormalities based on the banding patterns formed.

The process of determining the location of genes on a chromosome by analyzing genetic markers and recombination frequencies.

The total number of chromosomes in a cell, typically characteristic of a species, and important for cell division and genetic stability.