The process of organizing organisms into categories based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

A bone in the human body that connects the arm to the body, also known as the collarbone.

The process of cell division by mitosis, especially in the early stages of embryonic development.

The indentation that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells, marking the beginning of the division of the cytoplasm.

Relating to the clavicle (collarbone) and ribs.

An egg that has a hard shell, which provides protection and prevents desiccation, characteristic of reptiles, birds, and some mammals.

A type of fruit that does not open to release its seeds, typical in some plant species.

A form of self-pollination in plants that occurs without the flower opening.

A closed fruiting body found in some fungi, where the spores are produced but not released until the fruiting body breaks open.

A sharp increase in respiratory activity and ethylene production in fruits as they ripen, often associated with the climacteric phase of fruit maturation.