The process of expelling air from the lungs, typically as part of the respiratory cycle.

A rapid increase in a population or quantity, where the growth rate is proportional to the current size.

The phase in a population’s growth curve where the population size increases exponentially, often due to abundant resources.

A gene that is actively transcribed into mRNA and translated into a protein.

A short, sequenced DNA fragment from a gene that can be used for identifying genes or gene expression.

A plasmid or viral vector used to introduce and express a gene in a host cell.

The degree to which a genotype is expressed in an organism, often influenced by environmental factors.

A process that lengthens or extends a molecular chain, often used in the context of DNA replication or elongation.

An organism that lives on the outside of its host and derives benefits at the host’s expense, such as fleas or lice.

The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the environment and the organism’s body, typically involving the lungs.