The process of determining the location of genes on a chromosome and the distance between them.

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene that can lead to alterations in the gene’s function or expression.

The total collection of genes and alleles present in a population or species.

The process of identifying the location and structure of genes within a genome, often using computational tools.

The molecular product, often a protein or RNA molecule, that is synthesized from a gene during gene expression.

A medical treatment that involves modifying or replacing defective genes in a patient’s cells to treat genetic disorders.

A type of bacterial genetic recombination where DNA from a host cell is incorporated into a virus and transferred to another host cell.

The time it takes for a population of organisms to double in size, often used in studies of population growth and reproduction.

A cell that gives rise to gametes, such as a sperm or egg cell.

The nucleus of a generative cell that will fuse with the egg cell to form a zygote during fertilization.