A species concept that defines species based on the genetic differences between populations, often using DNA sequence comparison.

The study of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms, focusing on how traits are inherited.

Relating to the organs of reproduction.

The reproductive organs, both male and female, in animals and humans.

The external sexual organs of an individual, including the genitalia.

The complete set of genetic material (DNA or RNA) in an organism, including all of its genes and non-coding sequences.

The movement of genetic material between populations of the same species, often through migration or interbreeding.

The proportion of a particular allele or gene variant in a population.

A device used in molecular biology to deliver foreign DNA into cells by shooting tiny metal particles coated with the DNA.

The interaction between different genes that can influence the expression of a particular trait or phenotype.