Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population, particularly in small populations.

The manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology to alter its genetic makeup.

A state in which the genetic composition of a population remains constant over time, with no evolutionary change occurring.

The detailed arrangement of genes and their variants within a chromosome or genome.

A mechanism that prevents gene flow between different populations, contributing to speciation.

The presence of genetic mutations in a population that reduce the overall fitness of individuals in that population.

A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species and trace inheritance.

An individual organism with cells that have different genotypes, often due to mutations during development.

The occurrence of two or more genetically distinct forms in a population, often contributing to variation in traits.

The process by which genetic material is exchanged between chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in new combinations of alleles.