A harmful biological substance produced by organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or plants, that causes damage to tissues or organs.

Abbreviation for thiamine pyrophosphate, a coenzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids.

Essential minerals required by living organisms in very small amounts for normal physiological function.

Fossilized evidence of the activities of ancient organisms, such as footprints, burrows, or feeding marks, rather than remains of the…

A substance used to track the movement or concentration of another substance, often used in scientific research or medical imaging.

A group of fungal infections commonly known as ringworm, affecting the skin, hair, or nails.

The process of cultivating cells in a controlled, artificial environment for research, medical, or agricultural purposes.

The extracellular fluid found in the interstitial spaces between cells, also called interstitial fluid.

A strong, corrosion-resistant metal used in various applications, including medical devices, aircraft, and spacecraft.

An extinct genus of giant snake that lived during the Paleocene epoch, known for its massive size.