A DNA molecule used to transfer foreign genetic material into a host cell for cloning purposes.

A state of rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions, often occurring in response to neurological conditions.

A type of circulatory system in which blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, preventing it from coming into direct contact with body tissues.

A genus of bacteria, many of which are anaerobic, spore-forming, and can cause diseases such as botulism, tetanus, and gangrene.

A system used to classify cell surface markers (proteins) that are important for immune cell function and differentiation.

The group of eggs laid by a female animal, particularly in birds, reptiles, or fish, during a single reproductive cycle.

The chemical symbol for curium, a radioactive element used in scientific applications.

A term used to describe the process of meiosis occurring in the cell cycle, where chromosomes undergo recombination and segregation.

The stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) where chromosomes align in the center of the cell, preparing for separation.

A variation of mitosis in which the spindle fibers fail to form correctly, resulting in irregular chromosome separation.