A subatomic particle with a negative charge, found in the electron cloud surrounding an atom’s nucleus.

A molecule or ion that gains electrons during a chemical reaction, typically in redox processes.

A type of microscope that uses electron beams instead of light to image objects, allowing for higher resolution and magnification.

The process by which electrons are moved from one atom or molecule to another, often during chemical reactions like oxidation and reduction.

A unit of energy equal to the amount gained or lost by an electron when it is accelerated through an electric potential difference of one volt.

An organism that relies on external environmental heat sources to regulate its body temperature, such as reptiles and amphibians.

Describing organisms whose body temperature is regulated by external environmental conditions, also known as cold-blooded.

The presence of toxins in the body that originate from external sources, often due to infection or environmental exposure.

A chronic skin condition characterized by red, itchy, and inflamed patches, often triggered by allergies or irritants.

Environmental factors related to soil, such as pH, temperature, moisture, and nutrient content, that influence plant and animal life.