The innermost layer of the fruit’s pericarp (fruit wall), which surrounds the seed, found in fruits like peaches and cherries.

A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various body functions, such as the thyroid or adrenal glands.

Glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions, including the pancreas, thyroid, and pituitary glands.

The network of glands that produce and release hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and various other bodily functions.

The branch of medicine and biology that deals with the study of hormones and the glands that produce them.

The process by which cells engulf external substances, liquids, or particles by wrapping the cell membrane around them to form a vesicle.

A way of representing the valence electrons of an atom using dots around the element’s symbol, often used in Lewis dot structures.

A measure of an atom’s ability to attract and hold onto electrons when forming chemical bonds.

The order in which electrons fill atomic orbitals, based on increasing energy levels.

A series of protein complexes and other molecules within the mitochondria that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors, releasing energy for ATP production.