The second phase of the cell cycle, following DNA replication, during which the cell prepares for mitosis.

A substance that promotes lactation in breastfeeding mothers.

A simple sugar found in milk and dairy products, which is converted into glucose in the body.

A growth on plants, typically caused by insect larvae or pathogens, that results in the formation of a mass or swelling.

An organ in the body that stores bile produced by the liver, which is released into the small intestine to aid digestion.

Another term for gall bladder, the organ that stores bile.

A form of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into pieces, and each piece grows into a new organism.

A type of mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence, altering the reading frame of the gene.

Twins that are produced from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm cells, resulting in genetically distinct siblings.

The energy in a system that is available to do work, often measured as Gibbs free energy in thermodynamic processes.