Abbreviation for oxidized glutathione, the form of glutathione after it has been involved in antioxidant defense.

A structure at the 5′ end of mRNA that consists of a guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecule, important for stability and translation initiation.

Abbreviation for guanosine triphosphate, a nucleotide that acts as a carrier of energy in cells, similar to ATP.

A purine base found in nucleic acids, pairing with cytosine in DNA and RNA.

A nucleoside composed of guanine and ribose, part of RNA and DNA.

A nucleotide composed of guanine, ribose, and a single phosphate group, involved in cellular signaling.

A nucleotide similar to ATP, important in energy transfer and protein synthesis.

Specialized cells in plant leaves and stems that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, controlling gas exchange and water loss.

A type of African primate known for its distinctive black and white fur, also called colobus monkeys.

The part of the digestive system between the mouth and the stomach, commonly referred to as the esophagus.