A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it through the bloodstream to tissues and organs.

The breakdown or destruction of red blood cells, leading to the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma.

A genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding after injury.

Sensory cells found in the inner ear that detect sound vibrations and convert them into nerve signals.

A structure in the skin from which a hair grows, consisting of cells that produce the hair shaft.

The time it takes for half of the amount of a substance (such as a radioactive isotope) to decay or be eliminated.

One of two parts of a redox reaction, where either oxidation or reduction occurs.

A ring of tissue formed in a plant, particularly trees, representing one year of growth, visible in cross-sections of stems.

Abbreviation for guanosine, a nucleoside that plays a key role in cellular metabolism and signaling.

Abbreviation for glutathione, a tripeptide involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress.