The central, older part of a tree trunk that is no longer involved in the transport of water and nutrients, often darker in color.

A form of energy that is transferred between systems or objects due to a temperature difference.

The amount of heat required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point.

The amount of heat required to convert a substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point.

A response to rapid temperature changes, often involving the production of heat shock proteins to protect cells from stress.

A metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters, commonly used to measure land area.

A metric unit of volume equal to 100 liters, often used in measuring liquids or agricultural products.

The plural form of gynoecium, referring to the collective female reproductive organs of a flower.

An enzyme that introduces negative supercoils into DNA, playing a crucial role in DNA replication and transcription.

A ridge or fold in the cerebral cortex of the brain, separated by grooves called sulci.