The study of species composition and ecological dynamics on islands, emphasizing colonization, extinction, and island size.

Clusters of pancreatic cells that produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon.

An antigen that stimulates the production of isoagglutinins, often related to blood type.

A chromosome with identical arms due to abnormal division, often associated with genetic disorders.

A key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, also known as isocitric acid.

The pH at which a particular molecule carries no net electrical charge.

Different molecular forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction but differ in structure.

A segment of DNA that is transcribed but removed during RNA splicing; also known as an intron.

The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus, responsible for nutrient absorption and waste elimination.

The part of the intestine where water is absorbed and feces are formed.