Solid crystals composed of ions arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.

The equilibrium constant for the self-ionization of water, approximately 1 × 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C.

To convert an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles.

Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, a molecular mimic of allolactose used to induce expression of genes controlled by the lac operator.

A rare condition characterized by unusual pigmentation of the skin.

A property where surfaces appear to change color depending on the angle of view or illumination.

The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil and thus regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

A type of enzyme inhibitor that binds permanently to the enzyme, rendering it inactive.

A nonstandard or typographic abbreviation likely referring to an isotope or element; context needed for precise definition.

A form of the verb ‘to be’; not a scientific term by itself.