The use of genetically modified plants or animals to produce valuable biological products, such as vaccines or pharmaceuticals.

A chemical formula that shows the number and types of atoms in a molecule but not the arrangement of atoms.

The field of genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.

A process used to measure the similarity between two nucleic acid sequences by combining them under controlled conditions.

The mass of a molecule, calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of its constituent atoms.

The smallest unit of a chemical compound, consisting of two or more atoms bonded together.

A large phylum of invertebrates, including snails, clams, octopuses, and squids, characterized by a soft body and, in many species, a calcium carbonate shell.

Members of the phylum Mollusca, a diverse group of invertebrates that includes snails, clams, and cephalopods.

The process of shedding old skin, feathers, or exoskeleton in animals as they grow or prepare for environmental changes.

A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system, responsible for engulfing pathogens and debris.