An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) interacting with each other and their physical environment (air, water, soil) in a specific area. It involves the flow of energy and cycling of nutrients.

A habitat is the natural environment where an organism lives, grows, and thrives. It provides the necessary conditions such as food, shelter, and mates for reproduction.

Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of life forms on Earth, including the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variations within species.

Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment that negatively impact living organisms and natural resources, causing damage to ecosystems.

Conservation is the responsible management and protection of natural resources and the environment to ensure sustainability and prevent degradation or loss of biodiversity.

Deforestation is the large-scale clearing or removal of forests, often for agricultural expansion or urban development, which leads to loss of biodiversity and contributes to climate change.

Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere (such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) trap heat, preventing it from escaping into space, thereby warming the planet.

Ozone layer depletion refers to the thinning of the Earth’s ozone layer due to the release of chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which allow harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation to reach the Earth’s surface.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.