A plant species introduced to an area before 1500 CE (contrasted with neophyte).

The female reproductive organ in ferns, mosses, and related plants.

Curved or bowed like a bow; describing leaf veins or plant structures.

In cacti, the specialized area bearing spines, glochids, and flowers.

A specialized outgrowth from a seed’s funiculus that covers or attaches to the seed.

A bristle-like appendage or awn, especially on grass lemmas or floral parts.

Having a stiff, bristle-like tip (e.g., leaves or floral parts).

Having a small or secondary awn or bristle.

Collective term for defensive structures like thorns, spines, or prickles.

Equipped with defensive structures (thorns, spines, etc.).