The outer layer of the seed coat, often hardened or ornamented.

A plant species introduced to a region where it is not native, often cultivated or naturalized.

Flattened or spread out, often referring to plant parts like leaves or petals.

Projecting beyond surrounding structures, such as stamens that extend beyond the petals.

Lacking stipules, which are small leaf-like structures at the base of leaf stalks.

Lacking juice or sap; dry in texture.

Located outside the flower; often refers to nectaries that attract ants or insects for plant defense.

Situated outside the stamens, usually describing the position of floral structures.

Growing outside the leaf sheath, often used to describe the emergence of grass shoots or tillers.

Facing outward; typically refers to anthers that release pollen away from the center of the flower.