Microscopic channels that traverse plant cell walls, allowing communication and transport of materials between plant cells.

A genus of parasitic protozoa that cause malaria in humans and other animals, transmitted by mosquitoes.

The process in which plant cells lose water in a hypertonic solution, causing the cell membrane to pull away from…

Organelles found in plant cells and algae, involved in photosynthesis (e.g., chloroplasts) or storage (e.g., amyloplasts).

A copper-containing protein involved in electron transport in the photosynthetic process of plants.

The rigid outer covering of certain organisms, such as the shell of a turtle or the exoskeleton of some insects.

The scientific theory explaining the movement of Earth’s lithosphere, which is divided into tectonic plates that interact at their boundaries.

A condition of having flattened or expanded shin bones, typically observed in some hominid fossils.

Referring to a flattened tibia or shin bone, typically used in the context of fossil hominids.

A phylum of flatworms, including species like tapeworms and planarians, known for their bilateral symmetry and simple body structure.