Evolutionary change within a single lineage; can occur in plant evolution.

The terminal part of the digestive tract in animals; not relevant to plants.

A fin located on the underside of fish; not applicable to plants.

An opening for waste expulsion in some animals; not found in plants.

Traits that serve similar functions but evolved independently; found in plant evolution.

A tRNA molecule with an attached amino acid; critical in plant translation.

Enzymes that attach amino acids to their corresponding tRNA; essential in protein synthesis in plants.

Direct cell division without mitosis; rarely observed in plant cells, mostly in certain algal cells.

Extinct marine mollusks with spiral shells; not relevant to botany.

A form of nitrogen (NH₄⁺) that plants absorb from the soil; crucial for growth and metabolism.