A five-carbon sugar found in plant cell walls and hemicellulose.

A class of joint-legged invertebrates that includes spiders and scorpions; not related to plants.

In anatomy, a series of arches; rarely used in botanical terminology.

A domain of single-celled microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria; some interact with plants in extreme environments.

An outdated term for Archaea, microorganisms that often live in extreme environments.

An extinct genus showing features of both dinosaurs and birds; not related to botany.

Relating to an earlier or primitive time; can refer to early evolutionary forms.

A structure that bears archegonia (female sex organs) in liverworts.

The female sex organ in mosses, ferns, and some gymnosperms, producing the egg cell.

The primitive gut formed during gastrulation in animals; not found in plants.