The three-dimensional shape or structure of a molecule, especially a protein or nucleic acid, that is critical to its function.

Strains of organisms that are genetically identical except for one or a few genes that differ, typically used in genetic research.

A trait or condition that is present from birth, which may be genetic or due to environmental factors during prenatal development.

A rock composed of rounded clasts or fragments of various sizes, cemented together; also refers to a large corporation that owns several smaller companies.

A specialized fungal structure that produces conidia, which are asexual reproductive spores.

The ability of a cell to take up and incorporate foreign DNA from its environment, a key concept in genetic engineering.

An interaction between organisms or species in which both are harmed as they vie for the same resources, such as food or space.

The ecological principle that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for long; one will outcompete the other.

A type of enzyme inhibition where a molecule competes with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme.

A molecule that competes with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme, preventing the enzyme from catalyzing its normal reaction.