A type of intermolecular force between two polar molecules, where the positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another.

A technique used to intentionally introduce specific mutations into a gene or genome, often used in genetic engineering.

Functional groups in a molecule that influence the position of a new substituent on an aromatic ring during substitution reactions.

A type of natural selection where one extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes in a population, leading to evolutionary changes.

A carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond, such as sucrose or lactose.

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats, representing the lowest point in the blood pressure cycle.

A type of unicellular algae with a silica-based cell wall, important in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers.

Molecules consisting of two atoms of the same or different elements, such as O2 or CO.

A compound or acid that can donate two protons (H+) or form two bonds in a chemical reaction.

A chromosome that has two centromeres, often resulting from a chromosomal rearrangement, which can lead to abnormal segregation during cell division.