A process of cell division in which the chromosome number doubles without cell division occurring, often seen in certain types of cells like megakaryocytes.

Fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, where the fungus penetrates the plant’s cells to exchange nutrients.

An enzyme that cleaves the phosphodiester bonds within a nucleic acid molecule, typically used in DNA repair and recombinant DNA technology.

The more fluid, inner portion of the cytoplasm in some cells, in contrast to the more solid outer layer, the ectoplasm.

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that plays a role in protein and lipid synthesis, and has two forms: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).

The condition where cells within an organism have multiple sets of chromosomes, often seen in certain plant tissues like endosperm.

The inner, more fluid portion of the cytoplasm in certain protozoa, contrasted with the more rigid ectosarc.

The internal skeleton of an organism, made of bone or cartilage, as opposed to the external exoskeleton found in arthropods.

A vesicle formed within the cell that contains ingested material, often involved in the process of endocytosis.

The tissue surrounding the embryo in seeds, providing nourishment to the developing plant during germination.