Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, a technique used to analyze and separate cells based on their fluorescent characteristics.

A plasmid in bacteria that carries genes allowing for the transfer of DNA between cells during conjugation.

Describing organisms or conditions that are able to adapt to different environments or metabolic states, often switching between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

An organism that can survive with or without oxygen, capable of switching between aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Regions of the genome that can switch between an active (euchromatic) and inactive (heterochromatic) state depending on environmental conditions or cell type.

A coenzyme involved in redox reactions, primarily in cellular respiration, where it alternates between oxidized and reduced forms.

The reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), produced during the Krebs cycle and used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP.

The solid waste products of digestion that are excreted from the body through the anus.

A temperature scale in which water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F at standard atmospheric pressure.

The pair of tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus in female mammals, through which eggs travel during ovulation.