Excretory organs in certain crustaceans, such as crayfish, that filter waste products from the blood.

A structure used for growing plants in a controlled environment, often made of transparent materials like glass or plastic to allow sunlight to enter.

The warming of Earth’s atmosphere caused by the trapping of heat by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor.

The tissue in the brain and spinal cord that contains cell bodies of neurons, involved in processing information.

The part of the meristem that gives rise to the ground tissues of a plant, such as the cortex and pith.

A hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in animals and humans.

A substance or mixture used to support the growth and cultivation of microorganisms or cells.

A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

An organelle in cells that processes and packages proteins and lipids, and prepares them for transport within or outside the cell.

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex hormones and gametes.