A gene complex that encodes for human leukocyte antigens, which are involved in immune responses and organ rejection during transplants.

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA, the precursor to messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotic cells.

A conserved DNA sequence found in promoters of many genes, especially those involved in transcription regulation.

Traits or genes located on the Y chromosome, typically inherited by males.

A biogeographical region that includes the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, typically inhabited by cold-adapted species.

A structure in certain plants, algae, and marine organisms used to anchor them to a surface, like a rock or the ocean floor.

The current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago after the end of the last Ice Age.

Referring to organisms or species that are different from one another.

Organisms, particularly plants, that produce two different types of spores: male and female spores.

Plants that produce two types of spores, typically in separate male and female structures, such as in some ferns and seed plants.