Refers to the subfamily Homininae, which includes humans, chimpanzees, and their ancestors.

Humans and their direct ancestors after their evolutionary split from the common ancestor with chimpanzees.

A member of the superfamily Hominoidea, which includes apes and humans.

Having parts arranged in the same direction, such as leaf veins that run parallel or converge similarly.

The sex that has two identical sex chromosomes, such as XX in human females.

Chromosomal regions that appear uniformly stained, often due to gene amplification in cancer cells.

A cell or organism in which both alleles of a gene are the same as a result of genetic recombination or transfer.

A condition in which there is an abnormal reduction or cessation of sweating, often due to blocked sweat glands or nerve dysfunction.

A method used in genomics to quickly and efficiently sequence large amounts of DNA or RNA, enabling massive data generation in a short time.

The light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis in which electrons are transferred from water to an electron acceptor, producing oxygen.