A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, used as a starting point for further investigation.

A condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones, slowing metabolism.

Having a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, often causing cells to swell.

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell’s interior, causing water to enter the cell.

A type of cartilaginous fish, such as rays and skates, with ventral gill openings.

A naturally occurring purine derivative involved in nucleotide metabolism.

A Greek word for uterus, used in medical terms relating to the uterus.

A negatively charged ion (OH⁻) consisting of one oxygen and one hydrogen atom.

A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (–OH), found in alcohols.

A negatively charged ion (OH⁻) that contributes to the basicity of a solution.