A group of signaling proteins released by host cells in response to pathogens to boost immune responses.

A warmer period between ice ages characterized by retreating glaciers and rising temperatures.

A type of cytoskeletal component that provides structural support to cells.

The biological mechanism that regulates circadian rhythms and other regular cycles in organisms.

The process where sperm fertilizes the egg inside the female’s body.

A parasite that lives inside the body of its host.

The exchange of gases between the blood and body cells.

A neuron that transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons, found in the central nervous system.

The segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows and DNA is replicated, preceding mitosis.