Pharmacology is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of drugs, their effects on the body, how they are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted, and their therapeutic uses.

A drug is a substance that, when administered to a living organism, affects its physiological functions by interacting with the body’s biochemistry and altering normal processes.

An antibiotic is a type of drug that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria, used to treat bacterial infections.

Vaccination is the process of administering a vaccine, which stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response without causing disease, thereby providing protection against specific pathogens.

An analgesic is a drug used to relieve pain without causing the loss of consciousness. Examples include ibuprofen and acetaminophen.

The liver plays a central role in drug metabolism by breaking down drugs into metabolites, which can either be activated or deactivated, and preparing them for excretion.

A side effect is an unintended, often undesirable effect of a drug, occurring alongside the desired therapeutic effect.

Drug tolerance is the reduced response to a drug after repeated use, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Drug addiction is a chronic condition characterized by the compulsive use of a substance despite harmful consequences, often accompanied by physical or psychological dependence.

Proper dosage ensures that a drug produces the desired therapeutic effect without causing harmful side effects or toxicity. It is determined based on factors like age, weight, and the condition being treated.