A type of asexual reproduction in plants where the embryo develops without fertilization, often from a somatic cell.

A plant that reproduces by apomixis (asexual seed production).

Asexual reproduction through seeds, where the embryo develops without fertilization.

A derived or specialized trait in a plant lineage (contrasts with plesiomorphic, ancestral traits).

Having free (unfused) petals.

Having distinct or separate leaves (not fused).

Referring to the front part or direction in plants or animals, typically used to describe the position of structures.

The structure in a flower’s stamen that produces pollen, essential for the fertilization of the female ovule.

The male sex organ in some plants, particularly in non-vascular plants like mosses, where it produces sperm.

A motile male gamete (sperm cell) found in the reproductive organs of lower plants, such as ferns.