A non-native plant that occasionally appears but doesn’t establish permanent populations.

Having vascular bundles where the phloem is on both sides of the xylem (rare condition in plants).

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, important in plant stress responses.

A substance that accelerates chemical reactions without being consumed (e.g., enzymes in plants).

A reduced, non-photosynthetic leaf (e.g., bud scales, rhizome scales, or cotyledons).

A fast-growing crop grown between main crops to prevent nutrient leaching or soil erosion.

A sequence of soils down a slope that differ due to drainage and erosion patterns.

A soil’s ability to hold and exchange positively charged nutrient ions (e.g., Ca²⁺, K⁺).

A positively charged ion (e.g., NH₄⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺) important for plant nutrition.

A dense, usually pendulous spike of small, unisexual flowers (found in willows, oaks, etc.).