A dense, compacted layer of clay in the subsoil that restricts water movement.

Soil particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter, giving cohesive properties.

Soil composed primarily of clay particles, having high water retention but poor drainage.

Deeply divided, but not completely separated into distinct parts (applied to leaves, petals, etc.).

Referring to flowers that self-pollinate without opening, producing seed reliably.

The production of closed, self-pollinating flowers, often as a backup to normal flowers.

The long-term weather patterns that influence plant growth and distribution.

A machine for shredding plant material into small pieces for mulch or compost.

Bat-pollinated; having flowers adapted for pollination by bats.

A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.