The process by which cells, particularly white blood cells, engulf and digest foreign particles, bacteria, or dead cells.

A bone in the fingers or toes; the plural, phalanges, refers to all such bones.

The eon covering the last 541 million years, encompassing the emergence and evolution of most life forms.

A scientist who studies the effects and mechanisms of drugs and chemicals on living organisms.

Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid found in proteins and important for various metabolic processes.

The classification of organisms based on their overall similarity, especially in terms of physical characteristics, regardless of evolutionary relationships.

A phenotypic trait that mimics the effect of a mutation but is caused by environmental factors rather than genetic inheritance.

A scientist who studies phenology, the timing of seasonal events in the life cycles of plants and animals.

A severe gum infection that damages the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth.

The specialized tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone.