A geological epoch lasting from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago, characterized by repeated glaciations and the evolution of…

The double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity.

Relating to the pleura, the membrane surrounding the lungs.

The space between the two layers of the pleura, containing a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during breathing.

A geological epoch lasting from about 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago, marked by the appearance of early human ancestors…

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, with diploid organisms having two sets and haploid organisms having one.

Abbreviation for pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, involved in amino acid metabolism.

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into any type of cell in the body, except for extra-embryonic tissues.

Abbreviation for post-mortem, or the examination of a body after death, often used in medical and forensic contexts.

An instrument used to record respiratory patterns or lung function.