A protein that binds to DNA and enhances the expression of genes involved in the breakdown of specific nutrients.

The process by which the presence of certain carbon sources represses the expression of genes involved in the utilization of other carbon sources.

Describing fish species that live in freshwater but migrate to the sea to spawn, such as eels.

The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a substance known as a catalyst, which is not consumed in the reaction.

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required, without being consumed in the process.

A radioactive isotope of carbon used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of ancient biological materials.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, playing a key role in regulating pH in the body.

A geologic period from about 359 to 299 million years ago, known for the extensive formation of coal beds and the rise of large forests and early reptiles.

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, found in compounds like aldehydes and ketones.

A functional group with a carbon-oxygen double bond, found in aldehydes, ketones, and other organic compounds.