The study of cells, including their structure, function, and interactions with their environment.

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and replication, including phases such as…

A laboratory technique used to separate cellular components based on their size and density, typically using a centrifuge.

A population of cells that have been cultured in the laboratory and are capable of continuous division and growth.

The thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

A structure that forms during plant cell division, separating the two daughter cells and eventually developing into the cell wall.

The watery fluid inside the vacuoles of plant cells, containing water, nutrients, and waste products.

A rigid outer layer surrounding the cell membrane in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells, providing structural support and protection.

A preparation of cellular components obtained by breaking open cells, typically used in biochemical and molecular biology research.

The process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing carbon dioxide and water.