A process of deliberately selecting and mating individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring with specific characteristics.

An experiment in which all variables are kept constant except for the one being tested, allowing for a clear cause-and-effect conclusion.

Referring to evolutionary processes where organisms from different lineages develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures or functions.

The process by which organisms from different evolutionary backgrounds develop similar traits or characteristics as a result of adapting to similar environmental pressures.

A numerical factor used to convert one unit of measurement to another, typically in the context of physical or chemical quantities.

An asexual spore produced by certain fungi, typically formed at the tip of a conidiophore.

Shaped like a cone, often referring to plant structures, cones, or the arrangement of cells.

The study of cones, particularly those of coniferous plants, and their structure, development, and function.

The species formed when a base accepts a proton (H+), as described in Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory.

The species formed when an acid donates a proton (H+), according to Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory.