A stable, ancient part of the Earth’s crust that has not been significantly affected by tectonic activity.

Pertaining to a craton, or the ancient and stable part of the Earth’s crust.

The process by which cells shrink and form a notched or scalloped shape, often due to water loss from osmosis.

Referring to a crescent-shaped structure, often used in describing biological features or formations.

A large inland sea that split North America during the Cretaceous period, covering much of the continent’s interior.

A genetic disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 5, characterized by a distinctive cat-like cry, intellectual disability, and developmental delays.

The inner membrane folds of the mitochondrion, which increase surface area for ATP production in cellular respiration.

A group of reptiles including crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials, known for their semi-aquatic lifestyles and predatory behavior.

An early population of anatomically modern humans, coexisting with Neanderthals in Europe during the Upper Paleolithic period.

An organ found in some animals, particularly birds, that stores and softens food before digestion.