The branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment.

A restriction enzyme commonly used in molecular biology to cut DNA at specific sites, often used in genetic research and cloning.

A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment, functioning as a unit.

A genetically distinct population of a species that is adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions.

Abbreviation for ‘ectoderm,’ the outermost layer of cells in early embryonic development that gives rise to the skin, nervous system, and other structures.

The outermost layer of cells in the developing embryo, which forms structures like the skin and nervous system.

A term used to describe an organism with a specialized external appendage or structure that is used for a specific function.

A type of hormone that acts outside the body of the organism, often influencing other organisms in the environment.

Fungal symbionts that form a mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants, aiding in nutrient absorption.

The abnormal location of an organ or tissue, often referring to conditions like ectopic pregnancy.